China's lithium battery industry is already the world's first! why would you say so!

The 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to American scientists John Goodenough, Stanley Whitingham, and Japanese scientist Yoshino Akira in recognition of their contributions in the field of lithium-ion battery research and development. Lithium battery, this lightweight, rechargeable and powerful battery, has changed people's lives, and also made it possible to build a society that uses no fossil fuels.

But who can think of that after the first industrialization of lithium-ion batteries in Japan in 1991, it continued to shrink. Instead, China stepped up this industry step by step to become the world's first. What happened in the middle? Lithium-ion batteries have created a new rechargeable world for mankind, and the\"Electric China\" plan built on lithium-ion batteries is helping us get rid of our dependence on fossil fuels.

However, nowadays, lithium-ion batteries are also facing many practical challenges. Safety accidents occur from time to time, the endurance is limited, and the energy density is approaching the upper limit. What is the future of lithium-ion batteries? Faced with the new forces of solid-state batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells, who is the ultimate battery in the future?

As early as 2001, automotive power lithium batteries were not optimistic. Chen Liquan, who was elected as an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, asked Wan Gang, who was the major head of the electric vehicle project of the 863 program at the time: \"Hope to give lithium ion batteries a chance. \" Ten years later, he successfully studied lithium battery materials, which was once marginal The industrialization of unpopular disciplines has solved the scientific, technical and engineering problems of large-scale production of lithium-ion batteries, and has achieved a major transformation of lithium-ion batteries from\"Made in China\" to\"Made in China\" to promote China The lithium battery industry has surpassed traditional powers such as Japan and South Korea from parallel to leading. In 2007, Chen Liquan won the Lifetime Achievement Award of the International Battery Materials Association. His research on all-solid-state lithium batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, lithium-air batteries, and room-temperature sodium ion batteries laid the foundation for the development of next-generation power batteries and energy storage batteries.

The winners of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry are Whittingham (Stanley Whitingham) Goodenough (John Goodenough) and Japanese scientist Akira Yoshino (Yoshino Akira). The contributions of these three people are different. .

Professor Stanley Whitingham, in fact, he started to study superconducting materials. He didn't do much work on superconducting materials, but he found that the material of titanium sulfide can be used to make lithium and titanium sulfide batteries, that is, lithium as a negative electrode. The safety of this kind of battery is relatively poor. Later, because of a safety accident, a Japanese lady's face was burned, and then the company stopped.

Later, John Goodenough synthesized a compound called lithium cobaltate. Lithium cobaltate is a layered compound that can be used as a lithium source for lithium-ion batteries. Its structure is still stable. This is the contribution of Goodenough. . After seeing Goodinough's article in 1978, Yoshino figured out how to use it to make a battery. Its negative electrode does not use metal lithium, but uses carbon fiber as the negative electrode to make this kind of battery. This kind of battery is later called a lithium ion battery.

In fact, lithium-ion batteries have changed the world. The biggest change is that it brings a lot of convenience to our daily lives. The Nobel Prize stated in the statement that from consumer electronics such as smartphones and laptop computers to large energy storage devices such as electric vehicles and wind energy and solar energy, lithium-ion batteries have become an indispensable energy source in our lives. I have been dealing with lithium batteries for more than 40 years. Today I want to communicate with you with lithium batteries and\"Electric China\".

1 How does China's lithium battery industry achieve the world's first?

Judging from the ranking of global electric vehicle battery companies in terms of market share in 2018, the top 10 is the Ningde era, which is CATL, the second is Panasonic of Japan, and the third is BYD, a total of 10. In 2018, 6 lithium battery companies in China ranked among the top ten in the world market share of power batteries. The Ningde era is 37.23%, ranking first, while Japan ’s Panasonic Corporation is only 21.54%, ranking second, but a difference of more than ten percentage points.

Why can China's lithium-ion battery production rank first in the world? This starts from the beginning.

China's lithium battery research is not too late, almost synchronized with the world. Before Christmas in 1976, the Academy of Sciences sent me to West Germany. At that time, Germany was not unified yet, and East Germany and West Germany were separated. I went to the Stuttgart Mapu Solid Research Institute in West Germany. At that time, I quickly discovered that all of them are studying the performance of lithium nitride crystals. It was then known that lithium nitride is an ion-conducting material, which is said to be a super-ion conductor that can be used as a car battery. Immediately after I heard this sentence, I thought about it in my head. Am I going to change direction?

All the research offices opened their doors, and one day they were open to the society. They placed this lithium nitride, a small button-like battery on the table and a lead-acid battery next to it. At first glance, a lead-acid battery is heavy, and a button battery is very light. I thought this thing was indeed very useful, so I immediately reported to the domestic office. I said I would change my career, from crystal growth to a new discipline called solid ionology. About a month later, the office wrote back to me, allowing me to change course. After returning to China, the Academy of Sciences strongly supported giving this project to the Institute of Physics, saying that a research laboratory should be built for this young man, so a solid ionology laboratory was soon established. This was the first solid ionology laboratory in China at the time and the smallest laboratory in the Institute of Physics. My work is in lithium ion conductor and lithium battery research.

After Sony announced its industrialization in 1991, the Institute of Physics quickly followed up. At that time we were thinking about how to take the first step of industrialization. The unit we do research is to turn money into knowledge, if the unit invested is to turn technology into money. How to find a way to turn knowledge into technology, that is, how to connect it, we put forward a way of thinking, can we find a way to let research units take a few steps forward, and investment units take a few steps forward, we are in\" Bridge \"Meet in the middle. So I found an investor. In 1993, I signed a research and development agreement for an A-type lithium-ion battery. The investor gave 100,000 yuan, and more importantly, three people were sent. These three people had great support for us at the time, because I was a master student in the laboratory at that time, and the manpower was very scarce.

Soon in 1995, the first lithium battery was born from the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The mobile phone at the time was called\"\" Big Brother\"\, maybe you are a little older, \" Big Brother \"is a mobile phone like a brick, at that time, \" Big Brother \"is a symbol of identity. A type lithium-ion battery is the\"Big Brother\" battery. After appraisal by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, it was believed that this level reached the world's advanced level at that time, and we can go further. This is how we changed from knowledge to technology in the laboratory at that time.

Now there is a view that the lithium battery was invented by the Japanese. China is not good at lithium battery technology, but it is relatively advanced in application level. The invention of lithium-ion batteries is definitely not Japanese, or how could the Nobel Prize be given to two Americans and one Japanese. Therefore, it is not entirely true that the lithium-ion battery was invented by the Japanese. It can be said that the lithium-ion battery was first industrialized by the Japanese. This statement is correct.

The picture shows the market share of China's lithium power battery Photo source: China Economic Forum

We can see from this picture that the Japanese declared industrialization as early as 1991, with a market share of 100%, and then it has continued to fall, and it is still falling. Even Sony doesn't make lithium-ion batteries anymore. Its lithium-ion batteries are sold to another company. Koreans and Chinese are going up. By 2014, our market share of power batteries and lithium batteries in China had surpassed that of Japan and South Korea, ranking first in the world, and it is still rising.

Our lithium battery technology is good from the current development. In fact, it is a collaboration between academia, engineering and industry. It is a joint cooperation between the institute and the university. It attaches great importance to the close integration of original innovation, basic research and applied research to accelerate the industrialization of research results.

Goodenough (John Goodenough) discovered the commonly used cathode materials lithium cobalt oxide and lithium iron phosphate, but these two materials have shortcomings. Lithium cobaltate can actually only take out 0.5 moles of lithium, while lithium iron phosphate is actually an insulator and has disadvantages. We tried to find out its shortcomings, and then modified it through a combination of theoretical calculations and experiments and obtained a patent right. This patent right played a very important role in the development of our lithium-ion battery.

A few years ago, Belgian Minmetals Corporation came to China to collect intellectual property fees for lithium-ion cathode materials. It is said that it costs 50,000 yuan per ton. The profit of one ton of lithium cobalt oxide ternary material may be less than 50,000. They went to the Haidian Knowledge Court to sue us. Later, China ’s cathode material enterprise United Physics Institute settled with them out of court because we This patent, so they never mentioned the issue of collecting royalties. It can be seen that it is not our original material, but we have done the work and we have also applied for our patent, which is very beneficial to protect our own business.

The second example is lithium iron phosphate. It is an insulator. We calculated it through theory. It is a one-dimensional ionic conductor. If you add large ions such as chromium to the lithium site, the lithium channel is blocked. . Later, someone proposed to add sodium to the iron site. When the iron site is doped with sodium, the color turns black and the electrical conductivity is improved by several orders of magnitude. Its ionic and electronic conductivity are quite good. Therefore, French and German scientists approved this work, which is the only feasible way to break the monopoly of foreign original patents on lithium iron phosphate materials. Only in this way can our current lithium battery companies use lithium iron phosphate materials in a considerable amount and are not affected by foreign intellectual property rights.

It can be seen from these two examples that although we have not done original innovation, it is also very important that we modify and re-innovate it.

I just talked about two positive materials. Now I am talking about negative materials. This is our original innovation. Tsinghua University applied for a patent for natural graphite as a negative electrode for lithium ion batteries very early. Two years ago, it applied for the National Invention Award. This invention award is equivalent to recognizing that our use of natural graphite as the negative electrode of lithium-ion batteries is our intellectual property. Graphite alone is not enough, the capacity of graphite is relatively low, 372 mAh per gram. The capacity of silicon is actually quite high, so can silicon be used as the negative electrode of a lithium ion battery? I did this job in 1999 and applied for the first patent. So the first international patent for silicon as a negative electrode was applied for by us, and this is also recognized by Americans. But if you want to use it, it is still quite difficult. From hundreds of milligrams to hundreds of kilograms, it took 17 years. In the past 17 years, the road we have gone from articles to technology, then to products, to the market.

Our raw materials are basically localized, and the amount of imports has been quite small. At the same time, most of our equipment is also localized equipment, not to mention the technology of employees. Basically, now we are all cultivated by ourselves. .

From mobile phones and digital products to electric cars and ships, lithium-ion batteries have played an increasingly important role in our lives. But in recent years, accidents caused by lithium battery safety issues are equally impressive. Samsung mobile phone batteries caught fire and exploded. Electric cars collided with fire or even spontaneously. Boeing 787 passenger aircraft suffered a lithium-ion battery fire accident, which threatened production and life. In addition to safety issues, issues such as the endurance of lithium batteries and the limited battery life cycle are often criticized. Can lithium batteries be prevented from becoming \"bombs\" around people? How to crack the various \"anxieties\" caused by lithium-ion batteries?

2 How to crack the \"anxiety\" caused by the lithium ion battery?

There are two problems now, one is safety and the other is mileage. Both safety and mileage are related to lithium-ion batteries.

Lithium-ion electric vehicle safety accidents occur from time to time. Although its safety accidents are not as common as fuel-fueled vehicles, it is a new thing. Once a lithium-ion battery car burns or explodes, it will spread online. , And spread quickly. In this way, lithium-ion battery electric vehicles may be affected, and production and sales will be affected. The mileage problem refers to the fact that the energy density of lithium-ion batteries is not high enough, and the mileage of a single charge is more than 100 kilometers and 200 kilometers.

I think electric cars should separate cars from electricity, that is, buying cars and buying batteries should be separated. It is best to buy an electric car. I go to work every day. If it is from Tiananmen to Tsinghua or the fifth ring road, maybe 30 kilometers. Is it possible to buy a car and drive 30 kilometers? It is not necessary to drive more than 100 kilometers or 200 kilometers, which means that 10 kWh of electricity is enough. Then the money of the car plus the battery of the 10 kWh battery will definitely not exceed 100,000 yuan. I can buy a car for about 50,000 or 60,000 yuan. But what if I want to drive a long-distance bus? Can I rent a battery when I drive a long-distance bus? In other words, a battery company should be established.

In fact, I do n’t advocate fast charging, because the mechanism of the lithium-ion battery determines that it is an insertion reaction, that is, you have to allow ions to have time to insert it. And now the positive electrode material we use is also good, as is the negative electrode material. Graphite is used as the negative electrode material. Graphite is a layered structure. Only layer ions can be inserted into the layered structure. If the graphite happens to be perpendicular to its ions, and it cannot enter, it must turn 90 degrees to enter. So you have to give it a time to turn 90 degrees. If you do n’t give it a time to directly charge it, it will be deposited on the graphite sheet if it ca n’t pass, which is detrimental to battery life. Similarly, when discharging, if the discharge is particularly fast, the magnification is too large, it is also a layered structure. It is the same for a positive grade material when it goes back. It is to find the slit and then it can go in. If it is not accurate, it can't go in. It also has to wait for the opportunity to go in. So I don't advocate fast charging, I want to change the battery most. Appropriate multi-rate charging is possible, but the express is not enough, the power exchange mode is good, but it is quite difficult to do, and the standard is not uniform. This must be considered by national reunification. If the country does not introduce policy unification, it is difficult to do.

Now Weilai Company has a mode of power replacement. It runs from Beijing to Shenzhen. Every time it is opened, it has a place to change the power. It can be replaced in a few minutes. The fastest charge is about a quarter of an hour, which is the time to drink a cup of coffee. A quarter of an hour is fast enough, and it can be replaced in a few minutes if the power is changed. Because the earliest visit I visited was in Tsinghua. There was a device for power replacement in Tsinghua University. After the car was driven up, the car was topped up. The devices for power replacement were all under the ground, and it was quickly replaced. But this car must be standardized, and the battery must be standardized. Therefore, this requires the country to issue a unified policy, that is, the policy of power exchange.

About a month ago, I took a taxi in Beijing from Yuanmingyuan to Zhongguancun, and I was taking an electric car. I asked him, this car runs to charge a few times a day, he said that if I do n’t charge, I change the battery. I said there is a power change in Beijing? He said yes, all Beijing taxis change their electricity. That is to say, he doesn't need to change the power now. When you drive there, someone will help you change the power. They still like to drive electric taxis. Therefore, after we solve the cancellation in the future, I think a very important thing that will not let the sales decline is whether we can come back and reconsider the power replacement mode.

Since 2009, China's automobile production and sales have ranked first in the world for 11 consecutive years. This is followed by a series of thorny problems such as a sharp increase in oil consumption and deterioration in air quality. The unprecedented energy crisis makes the development and utilization of new energy sources imminent. For cars, no matter what kind of new energy is ultimately converted into electric energy to drive the vehicle, and the battery as the power core for storing electric energy, its performance plays an extremely critical role in the research and development of new energy vehicles. Can lithium ion batteries cure \"automobile diseases \"? Can it help us build an energy internet and crack the energy crisis?

3 \"Electric China \" can solve the energy crisis?

Our development of electric vehicles is not to develop electric vehicles for the purpose of developing electric vehicles. In fact, it is closely related to the energy situation in our country. In 2004, a consulting project made by our engineering academy was about the situation of China ’s oil and gas resources in 2050. The result of this implementation project is probably this: By 2050, China ’s self-produced oil is about 180 million tons per year, which means that it can still be at the level of 180 million tons per year from now until 2050.

In fact, this red line is 180 million tons. Last year it was about 190 million tons. It is best not to exceed 50% of the oil's external dependence. In 2017, imported oil was 420 million tons, domestic oil was 192 million tons, and the dependence on foreign countries reached 68.6%, far exceeding 50%. So our car ownership is 217 million cars, 167 cars per thousand people, and the world ’s average is 131 cars per thousand people. We are a little higher than the world average, but it ’s worse than the 800 cars in the United States Far away. The fuel consumption of a car is 430 million tons of oil if it is calculated on the basis of an average of two tons of oil a year, that is to say, we import 420 million tons for the car.

Recently, the hidden volume of two large oil fields was found to be 1 billion tons, both of which were reported as great news. I asked them what the recovery rate was. He said the recovery rate might be less than 50%, about 40%. In the case of two oil fields, it means that no imports are needed for two years, but the third year will be imported, and it is impossible to find such a 1 billion ton oil field. So it can be seen from this that our oil storage is now only 40 days, while Japan's oil storage is 200 days. Our national oil storage hopes to be 100 days. In this case, in fact, our oil storage capacity has increased greatly in recent years.

Energy security is a very important matter. At that time, we were divided into several groups, one is the electricity substitution group, the coal substitution group, the biomass substitution group and the overall group. I am from the electric replacement group, which is to develop electric vehicles to replace imported oil. This is a conclusion of our electric replacement group. In addition, global carbon dioxide emissions must be considered because we are participating in the Paris Climate Agreement. China's carbon dioxide emissions in 2010 began to rise sharply. In recent years, it has fallen slightly, and then increased again. China's carbon dioxide emissions are the highest in the world, so in fact we are under considerable pressure.

\"Paris Climate Agreement\" stipulates that the increase in temperature should not exceed two degrees, which is also everyone's hope. Because now the snowy mountains like the western part of our country seem to have begun to melt. You see that the U.S. emissions are lower than ours. Originally it was the first, so now we are the first in China. Because India is developing very fast now, it must far surpass China if it is not controlled. We hope that transportation can be electrified. Small cities are bicycles, cars, and buses. There is one more subway in large cities. There are now high-speed rails between cities, and now there are airplanes and ships. We hope that including high-speed rail, aircraft and ships can be electrified, that is, electric cars, electric aircraft, electric ships, which rely on lithium batteries.

Recently, an enterprise in Shenyang has built an electric plane with two seats. But in fact, if you look at it online, a private company in Shanghai has already built an electric airplane in 2010, and it is also for two people. It has already been successfully tested. In fact, the electric plane is now well done by Israelis, and now it has nine seats. So now we have to develop electric ships and electric planes in addition to electric cars.

In fact, China now has an electric ship. It is a 2,000-ton electric ship in Guangzhou. It uses about 80 or more electric vehicles. It is the ship that transports coal in the Pearl River for transportation. There are also 500 tons of such ships in Shanghai, not just one, but several. In addition, an electric ship company has been registered in Liyang, which is a company registered by Professor Li Gechen of Harbin Institute of Technology. Some people say that electric vehicles do not reduce carbon dioxide emissions. In fact, this electricity comes from the electricity of the grid, from the power plant to the users. It is divided into peak electricity and valley electricity. Peak Power and Valley Power have different prices, and we should encourage the use of Low Power.

In addition, we develop solar energy, wind energy, water energy, and nuclear energy. Of course, these kinds of energy sources emit very little carbon dioxide, but these energy sources actually store energy. It turns out that I have no impression of solar energy. I visited Zhangbei near Beijing before I realized that solar energy actually needs energy storage. Just say that after a dark cloud came, the sun was covered, and its power generation suddenly became small, almost zero. As soon as the dark cloud leaves, the current will rise immediately, so it needs more energy storage than wind power. Wind power, no matter the wind is coming or going, my wind blade is still turning there. The wind turns faster when it comes, and slower when the wind is gone, so it is not as powerful as solar energy. Both wind power and solar energy need energy storage, so there are now places where wind and light are abandoned, as well as water from hydropower. Our wind, light and water are about 110 billion kWh per year, which can be 6 million electric vehicles. One year for the car. In fact, as long as you can do a good job of energy storage, you should not add new power plants or burn more coal, and you can just use this valley power.

In fact, we are going to build an energy internet, which has actually been mentioned for several years. Judging from our current energy development situation, it is now necessary to develop some wind, solar, and hydro energy, and green development. Nuclear energy cannot be said to be completely green, but it is a new energy source, so these must be developed. Then, if we want to develop, we must put all these energy sources in a network to \"net\" it, so it means the energy Internet.

It is best if I buy an electric car. I can charge it wherever I go, just like a bicycle now. Just swipe the code wherever I go, and I can ride a bicycle when there is a bicycle there. In the future, it will be so convenient. My car has no electricity. Wherever I go, I have a charging pile. I can charge it as soon as I swipe the code, or change the power, which is of course not to mention. Now that the concept of the Internet and the concept of cloud storage can actually be used in energy in the future. Because energy is still fragmented more powerfully now, that is, the State Grid also has a set of State Grid, and then there is a set of places in various places. For example, it is now abandoning the wind and the sun, then it may be to reduce the abandonment of the wind and abandon the light, and it is necessary to share the tasks of various provinces and cities. This is of course a national method. Wind energy and solar energy are stored and can be used on the Internet, and can be used elsewhere if necessary, which is more convenient. Electricity is cheap in some places, but it is expensive in some places. Would n’t it be nice if we could get the electricity in Xinjiang where we needed it? I think the energy internet will play this role.

Now Tsinghua University has established a new Energy Internet Research Institute, which is to use the concept of the Internet in energy, to be able to use our country ’s energy in the future to increase green energy and reduce fossil energy. I think this is a role of the Energy Internet .

4 Who is the ultimate battery of the future?

The current lithium-ion battery is a liquid electrolyte, so the energy density has basically reached the limit, about 300 watt-hours per kilogram or 350 watt-hours per kilogram, has reached the limit. Then safety problems occur from time to time, because of its limited energy density, a safety accident will occur, so we have to consider solid-state batteries.

What is a solid-state battery? Now we are using lithium-ion batteries, more comprehensively including batteries such as nickel-metal hydride batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, and lead-acid batteries that are liquid electrolytes. A solid-state battery can be made the same as a lithium-ion battery, except that the electrolyte is changed to a solid state. It is solid, that is, it contains no liquid or little liquid. Solid-state batteries are actually not a new thing. In the \"Six Five\" plan and the \"Seven-Five Five\" plan, we will include solid-state batteries as a key topic. project.

The key to solid-state batteries is to study solid electrolyte materials. The negative electrode of solid-state batteries uses metallic lithium. The electrolyte in the middle is solid, and the solid electrolyte is not a liquid, so the positive electrode material that does not contain lithium can be used for the positive electrode, or the existing positive electrode material can also be used. If we can find the positive electrode material that does not contain lithium, or that the capacity is higher, we can make a solid battery with a higher energy density, then its energy density can be greater than 500 watt-hours per kilogram, then it is a safety accident Can be greatly reduced.

In fact, the solid-state battery is not the day when there is no short circuit. If the solid-state battery has a short circuit, will it burn? Lithium metal may react in the air, but its amount is relatively small, it will not explode, so the safety should be safer than the current lithium-ion batteries.

Solid electrolytes basically have no original innovations by Chinese people in China, and are relatively few. Since we want to develop solid-state batteries, we must have our innovation. There are just a few common polymer materials, PEO (polyethylene oxide), PP0 (polypropylene oxide), PAN (polyacrylonitrile), and their room temperature ionic conductivity is relatively low. Recently, Cui Guanglei of the Qingdao Energy Institute has done some new work. He can achieve 10 minus 4 Siemens per centimeter at room temperature. His battery is also used, so there should be new progress. After Michel Armand heard Cui Guanglei's report, he sent me an E-MAIL the next day, saying that it seems that the Chinese have once again come to the forefront of the world.

Recently, a newly introduced Dr. Wang Xuefeng, the Institute of Physics brought him back. He mixed lithium-ion batteries with lithium-oxygen batteries. What is he using? Molybdenum sulfide is used as the positive electrode. Molybdenum disulfide can be inserted into lithium or oxygen to form a new compound. After mixing, its capacity is quite high. We also applied for a patent at the Institute of Physics for this work, so this is some new ideas that will work for solid-state batteries in the future.

Therefore, I hope that through the development of solid-state batteries, our country will be able to follow the lead, and run to the lead. It has always maintained the number one position in the world market share. To maintain this first position, I think we cannot relax on the current work of lithium-ion batteries, that is, there are many innovative jobs and innovative achievements, and we have to go to industrialization.

Japanese Kanno (Sugano) I admire him very much. He has always insisted that the solid electrolyte has not been released. I think this is worth learning in Japan. Our solid-state battery research work has basically been released and stopped since the beginning of lithium-ion batteries, but now, just now we are back to do it again. I do n’t think it ’s too late to do it again. We can, and we can actually catch up. Judging from the current trend, we still have an advantage. So the work of lithium batteries, whether they are lithium batteries, solid-state batteries, or liquid electrolyte batteries, should have a lot of work to encourage innovation.

In addition to this, other batteries must be done. For example, sodium ion batteries. Do n’t look at everyone ’s confidence in lithium ion batteries. However, if cars used in the world use lithium ion batteries, lithium is actually not enough. . Yesterday Michelle Armand also gave a data, that is, if 10% of the electric cars in the world are powered by batteries, how many batteries will it need? The amount of more than 6 billion tons is still quite large. Under such circumstances, we must develop batteries with relatively rich resources, such as sodium ion batteries. In addition, aluminum-ion batteries, magnesium-ion batteries, or zinc-ion batteries should actually be done. In particular, we have an advantage in some tasks, which is our first.

Sodium ion batteries are our advantage. The first low-speed electric vehicle was demonstrated by us. The first 100-kilowatt power station was demonstrated by us. Then it is like the patent of zinc ion battery. People also admit that it is China's first patent. Now we are making lithium or magnesium solid-state batteries. I think everyone starts from the beginning with these things. I think we only have to seize the opportunity to not give up. It should be said that we have the opportunity to reach the forefront of the world.

Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell is not a battery, it is actually a power generation device. It means that you have hydrogen, and I can add electricity through it to generate electricity. It is a power generation device, not a battery. But we must study the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell. Hydrogen has no ore, unlike lithium, which has lithium ore. Although China ’s lithium resources are not as large as those in South America, we are still a country with relatively rich lithium resources, but you do n’t have hydrogen. Where will your hydrogen come from in the future? Some people say that you electrolyze water to produce hydrogen? Of course, you can electrolyze water to produce hydrogen. Everyone can electrolyze water to produce hydrogen, but what does electrolysis water produce hydrogen? Need electricity. You have electricity, make hydrogen by electrolyzing water, then you can bottle it, liquefy it, and finally you use hydrogen fuel cell to generate electricity. It means that it is electricity at the beginning, and it is electricity at the end. You use this electricity to drive.

If we can solve the problem of producing hydrogen by solar energy photolysis of water, then our hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell is indeed very promising in the future. We need to study the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell, but it needs a big development, that is to say, it is going to replace the status of lithium ion battery, which is not a recent thing.

We should now consider how to turn \"Electric China \" from dream to reality. This is a country ’s urgent need. These highly innovative researches, whether you are re-innovating or our own original creation, should allow Chinese lithium batteries to run from the run to the run, and eventually achieve the lead, laying the foundation for the realization of this dream of\"electric China\".